A Critical Analysis of the Automated Hematology Assessment in Pregnant Women at Low and at High Altitude: Association between Red Blood Cells, Platelet Parameters, and Iron Status.

The objectives of the study were to determine differences in the parameters of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets at low altitude (LA) and at high altitude (HA) and with the gestation being advanced, and to determine correlations between parameters of RBC and platelets. We also studied the association of RBC and platelets with markers of iron status. In addition, markers of iron status and inflammation were measured and compared at each trimester of gestation in pregnant women at LA and HA. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at Lima (150 m above sea level) and Cusco at 3400 m above sea level from May to December 2019. Hematological parameters in pregnant women (233 at LA and 211 at HA) were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. Serum ferritin levels, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), hepcidin, erythropoietin, testosterone, estradiol, and interleukin-6 (IL6) levels were measured by ELISA. One-way ANOVA supplemented with post hoc test, chi-square test, and Pearson correlation test statistical analyses were performed. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Pregnant woman at HA compared to LA had significantly lower WBC (p < 0.01), associated with higher parameters of the RBC, except for the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) that was no different (p > 0.05). Platelets and mean platelet volume (MPV) were higher (p < 0.01), and platelet distribution width (PDW) was lower at HA than at LA (p < 0.01). A higher value of serum ferritin (p < 0.01), testosterone (p < 0.05), and hepcidin (p < 0.01) was observed at HA, while the concentration of sTfR was lower at HA than at LA (p < 0.01). At LA, neutrophils increased in the third trimester (p < 0.05). RBC parameters decreased with the progress of the gestation, except RDW-CV, which increased. The platelet count decreased and the MPV and PDW were significantly higher in the third trimester. Serum ferritin, hepcidin, and serum testosterone decreased, while sTfR and serum estradiol increased during gestation. At HA, the WBC and red blood cell distribution width- coefficient of variation (RDW-CV), PCT, and serum IL-6 did not change with gestational trimesters. RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and platelet count were lower as gestation advanced. MCV, MPV, and PDW increased in the third trimester. Serum ferritin, testosterone, and hepcidin were lower in the third trimester. Serum estradiol, erythropoietin, and sTfR increased as gestation progressed. Direct or inverse correlations were observed between RBC and platelet parameters and LA and HA. A better number of significant correlations were observed at HA. Hb, Hct, and RDW-CV showed a significant correlation with serum ferritin at LA and HA. Of these parameters, RDW-CV and PDW showed an inversely significant association with ferritin (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a different pattern was observed in hematological markers as well as in iron status markers between pregnant women at LA and HA. In pregnant women a significant correlation between several RBC parameters with platelet marker parameters was also observed. Data suggest that pregnant women at HA have adequate iron status during pregnancy as reflected by higher serum ferritin levels, lower sTfR levels, and higher hepcidin values than pregnant women at LA.

De la evidencia a la decisión: la necesidad de competencias en Medicina Basada en Evidencias en escuelas de medicina peruanas, para la toma de decisiones clínicas / From evidence to decision: the need of Evidence-Based Medicine competencies in Peruvian medical schools, to clinical decision making

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la necesidad de implementar cursos de Medicina Basada en la Evidencia (MBE) en los planes de estudio de pregrado de las universidades peruanas. El estudio: Estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo. Se evaluó la prevalencia de la enseñanza del curso de MBE en las escuelas de medicina de universidades peruanas, el semestre en el que se enseñaba y la obligatoriedad. Hallazgos: De 44 escuelas de medicina evaluadas, ocho (18,2%) incluían un curso de MBE en sus planes de estudio, de las que cinco (62,5%) correspondían a universidades privadas y en siete(87,5%) el curso era obligatorio. Conclusiones: La enseñanza de la MBE en las escuelas de medicina de las universidades peruanas es baja, pudiendo conducir a una menor confianza y certeza en la toma de decisiones clínicas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the need to implement Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) courses in the undergraduate curricula of Peruvian universities. The estudy: Descriptive observational study. The prevalence of teaching the EBM course in the medical schools of Peruvian universities was evaluated, as well as the semester in which it was taught and its obligatoriness. Findings: Of 44 medical schools evaluated, eight (18.2%) included an EBM course in their curricula, of which five(62.5%) corresponded to private universities and in seven(87,5%) the course was mandatory. Conclusions: The teaching of EBM in Peruvian university medical schools is low, potentially leading to less confidence and certainty in clinical decision making.

De la evidencia a la decisión: La necesidad de competencias en Medicina Basada en Evidencias en escuelas de medicina peruanas, para la toma de decisiones clínicas / From evidence to decision: The need of Evidence-Based Medicine competencies in Peruvian medical schools, to clinical decision making

Objetivo: Identificar la necesidad de implementar cursos de Medicina Basada en la Evidencia(MBE) en los planes de estudio de pregrado de las universidades peruanas. El estudio: Estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo. Se evaluó la prevalencia de la enseñanza del curso de MBE en las escuelas de medicina de universidades peruanas, el semestre en el que se enseñaba y la obligatoriedad. Hallazgos: De 44 escuelas de medicina evaluadas, ocho (18,2%) incluían un curso de MBE en sus planes de estudio, de las que cinco (62,5%) correspondían a universidades privadas y en siete(87,5%) el curso era obligatorio. Conclusiones: La enseñanza de la MBE en las escuelas de medicina de las universidades peruanas es baja, pudiendo conducir a una menor confianza y certeza en la toma de decisiones clínicas.

Objetive:Toidentifytheneedtoimplement Evidence-BasedMedicine(EBM)coursesinthe undergraduate curricula of Peruvian universities. The estudy: Descriptive observational study. The prevalence of teaching the EBM course in the medical schools of Peruvian universities was evaluated, as well as the semester in which it was taught and its obligatoriness. Of 44 medical schools Findings:evaluated, eight (18.2%) included an EBM course in their curricula, of which five(62.5%) corresponded to private universities and in seven(87,5%) the course was mandatory. The teaching of EBM Conclusions:inPeruvianuniversitymedicalschoolsislow, potentially leading to less confidence and certainty in clinical decision making

[Cytomegalovirus hepatitis in a 2-month-old infant: a case report]. / Hepatitis por citomegalovirus en una lactante de 2 meses: reporte de un caso.

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection is a cause of neonatal infection that can be asymptomatic; however, its complications are possible in some organs such as the nervous system and the liver. We report a case of a 2-month-old female infant with cytomegalovirus hepatitis characterized by abdominal distention, cholestasis, irritability, and poor breastfeeding. In the tests, liver involvement, periventricular microcalcifications, and sensorineural hearing loss were found. The diagnosis was determined by serum antibodies, confirmed with viral load in blood, urine, and liver tissue. Treatment with ganciclovir, vitamin K, and ursodeoxycholic acid was administered with adequate evolution. Cytomegalovirus hepatitis is a complication that may be associated with the involvement of other organs. Antiviral treatment for liver involvement is still controversial; however, it is recommended in children under one month of age if it is associated with neurological damage.

National trends in age-standardized mortality attributable to hypertension in Peru / Tendências nacionais em mortalidade padronizada para idade atribuível à hipertensão no Peru

Abstract Introduction: Hypertension (HTN) is a public health problem. The prevalence and mortality rates are significantly higher in middle and low-income countries, such as Peru. This study aimed to determine the trend of mortality attributable to HTN for the 2005-2016 period in Peru. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis based on death certificates provided by the Ministry of Health. We applied linear regression models to test the HTN mortality rate trend. Results: The age-standardized HTN mortality per 100,000 inhabitants decreased from 14.43 for the 2005 to 2010 period to 11.12 for the 2011 to 2016 period. The coast was the natural region with the highest decrease in mortality rate. Moreover, Tumbes, Callao, and Lambayeque were regions with the highest decline in mortality rate. Conclusion: The age-standardized mortality attributable to HTN decreased in Peru, with variations in both natural and political regions of the country.

Resumo Introdução: A hipertensão arterial (HA) é um problema de saúde pública. As taxas de prevalência e mortalidade são significativamente mais altas em países de média e baixa renda, como o Peru. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a tendência de mortalidade atribuível à HA para o período de 2005-2016 no Peru. Métodos: Realizamos uma análise secundária com base em atestados de óbito fornecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde. Aplicamos modelos de regressão linear para testar a tendência da taxa de mortalidade por HA. Resultados: A mortalidade por HA padronizada para idade por 100.000 habitantes diminuiu de 14,43 no período de 2005 a 2010 para 11,12 no período de 2011 a 2016. O litoral foi a região natural com maior queda na taxa de mortalidade. Além disso, Tumbes, Callao e Lambayeque foram as regiões com maior declínio na taxa de mortalidade. Conclusão: A mortalidade padronizada para idade atribuível à HA diminuiu no Peru, com variações tanto em regiões naturais como políticas do país.

Aplasia medular asociado con virus linfotrópico humano de células T tipo 1 (HTLV-1): Reporte de un caso / Medullary aplasia associated with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1): A Case Report

Antecedentes: La aplasia medular es una enfermedad caracterizada por pancitopenia con médula ósea hipocelular. La mayor parte de estas son adquiridas pudiendo ser idiopáticas o secundarias al daño de la médula ósea producido por agentes físicos, químicos o infecciosos. El HTLV-1 es un retrovirus intracelular que se transmite por la lactancia materna prolongada, las relaciones sexuales y las transfusiones sanguíneas. Descripción del caso: Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 28 años que presentó petequias, gingivorragia y palidez generalizada. En sus exámenes se encontró pancitopenia severa, HTLV-1 positivo y en el aspirado de médula ósea, hipocelularidad marcada. Se administró antibióticos, antifúngicos, antivirales y agentes inmunosupresores con una evolución estacionaria. Conclusiones: La infección por HTLV-1 es frecuente en Perú; sin embargo, su asociación con aplasia medular es poco descrita. El trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas es una alternativa de tratamiento en caso de no responder a la terapia inmunosupresora.

Background:Medullary aplasia is a disease characterized by pancytopenia with hypocellular bone marrow. Most of these are acquired and can be idiopathic or secondary to bone marrow damage produced by physical, chemical or infectious agents. HTLV-1 is an intracellular retrovirus that is transmitted by prolonged breastfeeding, sexual intercourse, and blood transfusions. Case description: We report the case of a 28-year-old woman who presented petechiae,gingivorrhagia,andgeneralizedpaleness.Inthelaboratory examination, severe pancytopenia was found, HTLV-1 positive, and in the bone marrow aspirate, marked hypocellularity. She received antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and immunosuppressive agents with a steady course. Conclusions:HTLV-1 infection is common in Peru; however, its association with medullary aplasia is poorly described. Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is an alternative treatment in case of failure to respond to immunosuppressive therapy.

¿Movimientos involuntarios asociado a corrección por déficit de vitamina B12?: A propósito de un caso / Involuntary movements associated with correction of vitamin B12 deficiency?: A case repor

Antecedentes: La deficiencia de vitamina B12 es un problema nutricional que puede cursar con manifestaciones neurológicas y hematológicas. Existen limitados reportes sobre la aparición de movimientos involuntarios al iniciar tratamiento con cianocobalamina. Descripción del caso: Lactante de 5 meses presentó vómitos, palidez y dificultad para sostener la cabeza. Dentro de los exámenes se encontró pancitopenia y déficit de vitamina B12 en el paciente y la madre. Se administró tratamiento con ácido fólico y cianocobalamina; sin embargo, al cuarto día de tratamiento presentó movimientos coreiformes por lo que se administró clonazepam. La tomografía y el electroencefalograma fueron normales. Al seguimiento el recuento de plaquetas y leucocitos mejoraron y los movimientos remitieron gradualmente. Conclusiones: La aparición de movimientos involuntarios cuando se realiza la corrección por déficit de vitamina B12 es poco reportado. La evaluación al seguimiento es importante para evitar la sobremedicación innecesaria.

Background:Vitamin B12 deficiency is a nutritional problem that can present with neurological and hematological manifestations. There are limited reports on the appearance of involuntary movements when initiating cyanocobalamin treatment. A 5-month-old infant presented vomiting, paleness, Case report:and difficulty holding his head. Among the examinations, pancytopenia and vitamin B12 deficiency were found in the patient and the mother. Treatment with folic acid and cyanocobalamin was administered; However, on the fourth day of treatment, she presented choreiform movements for which clonazepam wasadministered.Thetomographyandtheelectroencephalogramwere normal. At follow-up, the platelet and leukocyte count improved and the movements gradually remitted. Little is reported about the Conclusion:occurrence of involuntary movements when vitamin B12 deficiency is corrected. Follow-up evaluation is important to avoid unnecessary overmedication.

[Analysis of production, impact, and collaboration networks in scientific research in Scopus for Peru from 2000 to 2019]. / Análisis de producción, impacto y redes de colaboración en investigaciones científicas en Scopus en Perú de 2000 a 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Peru is a developing country with increasing scientific production. However, it is necessary to understand the trends, impact, and collaborative networks of research to plan for policy improvements. OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the production, impact, and collaboration networks in the Peruvian scientific production between 2000 and 2019. METHODS: We did an observational analytical study. We searched Scopus for all the publications with at least one author with a Peruvian affiliation declared in the author byline. A descriptive analysis of the different characteristics, trends, and scientific collaboration was carried out. Collaboration networks were plotted using VOSviewer. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2019, Peru had a total of 24 482 publications in scientific journals, with an average annual growth of 13.6%. Of the total, 70% of all the articles were cataloged as Clinical Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. Only half of the articles had a Peruvian affiliation. The countries with the largest share of collaboration were the United States and Brazil, and the articles with international collaboration had the highest number of citations per publication. CONCLUSIONS: Scientific production in Peru has increased in recent years, with a significant percentage of publications based on international collaboration and led by authors with non-Peruvian affiliations. It is necessary to strengthen collaboration ties between Peruvian and foreign institutions. Furthermore, it is essential to propitiate further research that will help solve the country's problems.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Perú es un país en vías de desarrollo, con una producción científica en aumento. Sin embargo, es necesario entender las tendencias, el impacto y la colaboración de sus investigaciones para promover una mejora continua de las mismas. OBJETIVO: Buscamos analizar la producción, el impacto y las redes de colaboración en la producción científica peruana entre los años 2000 y 2019. MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio analítico observacional haciendo una búsqueda en Scopus de todas las publicaciones que hayan tenido al menos un autor peruano en su filiación. Sobre eso, realizamos un análisis descriptivo de las diferentes características, tendencias y tipo de colaboración científica. Graficamos las redes de colaboración mediante VOSviewer. RESULTADOS: Entre los años 2000 y 2019, Perú tuvo un total de 24 482 publicaciones en revistas científicas, con un crecimiento anual promedio de 13,6%. Del total de artículos científicos, 70% de todas las publicaciones pertenecieron a las áreas de medicina clínica y ciencias biomédicas. Solo la mitad de los artículos contaban con filiación peruana. Los países con mayor colaboración fueron Estados Unidos y Brasil, y los artículos con colaboración internacional tuvieron mayor cantidad de citas por publicación. CONCLUSIONES: En años recientes, ha habido un incremento de la producción científica en Perú, con un gran porcentaje de publicaciones basadas en la colaboración internacional y lideradas por autores con filiación no peruana. Es necesario fortalecer lazos de colaboración entre instituciones peruanas y extranjeras. Además, es fundamental el incitar un mayor liderazgo en investigaciones que solucionen problemas del país.

Hepatitis por citomegalovirus en una lactante de 2 meses: reporte de un caso

La infección por citomegalovirus congénito es una causa de infección neonatal que puede cursar asintomático; sin embargo, es posible sus complicaciones en algunos órganos como el sistema nervioso y el hígado. Reportamos un caso de una lactante mujer de 2 meses, con hepatitis por citomegalovirus caracterizado por distensión abdominal, colestasis, irritabilidad y pobre lactancia. En los exámenes se evidenció compromiso hepático, microcalcificaciones periventriculares e hipoacusia neurosensorial. El diagnóstico se determinó mediante anticuerpos séricos, confirmado con carga viral en sangre, orina y en tejido hepático. Se administró tratamiento con ganciclovir, vitamina K y ácido ursodesoxicólico con adecuada evolución. La hepatitis por citomegalovirus es una complicación que puede estar asociado con el compromiso de otros órganos. El tratamiento antiviral para el compromiso hepático aún es controversial; sin embargo, está recomendado en menores de un mes si está asociado a daño neurológico.

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection is a cause of neonatal infection that can be asymptomatic; however, its complications are possible in some organs such as the nervous system and the liver. We report a case of a 2-month-old female infant with cytomegalovirus hepatitis characterized by abdominal distention, cholestasis, irritability, and poor breastfeeding. In the tests, liver involvement, periventricular microcalcifications, and sensorineural hearing loss were found. The diagnosis was determined by serum antibodies, confirmed with viral load in blood, urine, and liver tissue. Treatment with ganciclovir, vitamin K, and ursodeoxycholic acid was administered with adequate evolution. Cytomegalovirus hepatitis is a complication that may be associated with the involvement of other organs. Antiviral treatment for liver involvement is still controversial; however, it is recommended in children under one month of age if it is associated with neurological damage.

National trends in age-standardized mortality attributable to hypertension in Peru.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension (HTN) is a public health problem. The prevalence and mortality rates are significantly higher in middle and low-income countries, such as Peru. This study aimed to determine the trend of mortality attributable to HTN for the 2005-2016 period in Peru. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis based on death certificates provided by the Ministry of Health. We applied linear regression models to test the HTN mortality rate trend. RESULTS: The age-standardized HTN mortality per 100,000 inhabitants decreased from 14.43 for the 2005 to 2010 period to 11.12 for the 2011 to 2016 period. The coast was the natural region with the highest decrease in mortality rate. Moreover, Tumbes, Callao, and Lambayeque were regions with the highest decline in mortality rate. CONCLUSION: The age-standardized mortality attributable to HTN decreased in Peru, with variations in both natural and political regions of the country.

Embarazo ectópico cervical. A propósito de dos casos / Cervical ectopic pregnancy. Report of two cases

Antecedentes. El embarazo ectópico cervical es la implantación del embrión en la zona de revestimiento del canal endocervical. Representa menos del 1% de todos los embarazos ectópicos. Reporte de Caso: Reportamos dos pacientes que acuden a consulta de emergencia por sangrado transvaginal. El diagnóstico de embarazo ectópico cervical fue realizado por ecografía transvaginal (7 y 8 semanas de gestación). Se inició tratamiento con metotrexato (paciente de 28 años) y metotrexato-ácido folínico (paciente de 35 años). Debido al aumento de la hormona gonadotropina coriónica humana se decidió realizar una histerectomía abdominal (paciente de 28 años) y curetaje-cerclaje cervical tipo McDonald (paciente de 35 años). No hubo complicaciones posteriores a la cirugía en ambas pacientes. Conclusiones: El tratamiento del embarazo ectópico cervical es controversial. Se debe elegir la terapia más apropiada para preservar la fertilidad y evitar complicaciones como la hemorragia.

Background. Cervical ectopic pregnancy is the implantation of the embryo in the lining of the endocervical canal lining. It represents less than 1% of all ectopic pregnancies. Case description: We report two patients who come to the emergency room for transvaginal bleeding. The diagnosis of cervical ectopic pregnancy was made by transvaginal ultrasound (7- and 8-weeks' gestation). Treatment was started with methotrexate (28-year-old patient) and methotrexatefolinic acid (35-year-old patient). Due to the increase in human chorionic gonadotropin hormone, it was decided to perform an abdominal hysterectomy (28-year-old patient) and McDonald-type cervical curettagecerclage (35-year-old patient). There were no complications after surgery in both patients. Conclusions: The treatment of cervical ectopic pregnancy is controversial. The most appropriate therapy should be chosen to preserve fertility and avoid complications such as bleeding.

Calidad de sueño en pacientes con Hipertensión Arterial de un hospital peruano a 3400 metros sobre el nivel del mar, 2017 / Sleep quality in patients with Hypertension in a Peruvian hospital at 3400 meters above sea level, 2017

RESUMEN Introducción: la hipertensión arterial es un problema de salud pública. Los disturbios del sueño son condiciones que predisponen a la hipertensión y agravan la calidad de vida de los pacientes hipertensos. Objetivo: describir las características de la calidad de sueño y las características de los pacientes con hipertensión arterial en un hospital nacional de Cusco-Perú a 3400 metros sobre el nivel del mar (msnm). Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con datos de pacientes con hipertensión arterial que acudieron entre los meses de agosto a diciembre de 2017 a consulta ambulatoria del servicio de cardiología de un hospital nacional de Cusco-Perú. Los pacientes fueron mayores de 40 años y sin comorbilidades. Para caracterizar la calidad de sueño se aplicó el cuestionario del índice de Pittsburg, previo consentimiento informado de los pacientes. Resultados: Se estudiaron 272 pacientes, con edad promedio de 65 años y tiempo de enfermedad media de 8 años. El 75 por ciento de los pacientes tenían mala calidad de sueño y la mayoría tenía una duración del sueño entre 6 y 7 horas. Todos los pacientes presentaron disturbios del sueño y el 94,1 por ciento no usaba medicación para dormir. Conclusiones: La calidad de sueño en pacientes de la población estudiada fue mala en la mayoría. Es necesario hacer seguimiento de este parámetro clínico para evaluar las posibles complicaciones que puede ocasionar a largo plazo(AU()

ABSTRACT Introduction: Hypertension is a public health problem; sleep disturbances are conditions that predispose to hypertension and aggravate the quality of life of hypertensive patients. Objectives: To describe the characteristics of sleep quality in patients with hypertension in a national hospital in the city of Cusco-Peru, at 3400 meters above sea level (msnm). Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with data of patients with arterial hypertension who attended an outpatient consultation of the cardiology service of a national hospital in Cusco-Peru between August and December 2017. The patients were older than 40 years without comorbidities. To characterize sleep quality, Pittsburg sleep quality index was used with prior informed consent of the patients. Results: A total of 272 patients were studied. The average age was 65 years and the average time of the disease was 8 years. The results show that 75 percent of the patients had poor sleep quality and most of the patients had a sleep duration between 6 and 7 hours. All the patients presented some sleep disturbance and 94.1 percent did not take any medication to sleep. Conclusions: Sleep quality was poor in most of the patients studied. The follow-up of this clinical condition is necessary to evaluate the possible complications that it can cause in the long term(AU)

[Pneumonia and benign acute myositis of childhood due to Mycoplasma pneu-moniae associated with encephalitis: A case report]. / Neumonía y miositis aguda benigna de la infancia por Mycoplasma pneumoniae asociado a encefalitis: reporte de caso.

One of the leading causes of pneumonia in children between 5 to 15 years is Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a bacterium that causes atypical clinical manifestations such as myositis and encephalitis. We report a 5-year-old girl who presented functional limitations of the lower extremities preceded by an upper respiratory infection. Later on, she developed pneumonia and encephalitis. Antibiotics and antivirals were administered due to the clinical deterioration of the patient. IgM serology for Mycoplasma pneumoniae was positive, while the other viral studies were negative. The clinical course was favorable with a progressive decrease in respiratory distress, sensorial disorder, and improvement in the functional limitations of the lower limbs after 15 days of treatment.

Una de las principales causas de neumonía en niños entre 5 y 15 años es el Mycoplasma pneumoniae, una bacteria que causa manifestaciones clínicas atípicas como la miositis y encefalitis. Reportamos un caso de una niña de cinco años que presentó limitación funcional en extremidades inferiores precedida por una infección respiratoria superior. Posteriormente, se complicó con neumonía y encefalitis. Se administraron antibióticos y antivirales debido al deterioro clínico del paciente. La serología de inmunoglobulinas para Mycoplasma pneumoniae fue positiva; mientras que los demás estudios virales fueron negativos. El curso clínico fue favorable con disminución progresiva de la dificultad respiratoria, trastorno del sensorio y mejoría en la limitación funcional en las extremidades inferiores a los 15 días de tratamiento.

National trends in age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of acute kidney injury in Peru / Tendências nacionais na incidência e mortalidade padronizadas por idade de lesão renal aguda no Peru

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disorder that causes high healthcare costs. There are limited epidemiological studies of this disorder in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to describe trends in the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of AKI in Peru. Methods: We conducted an ecological study based on a secondary data sources of the basic cause of death from healthcare and death records obtained from establishments of the Ministry of Health of Peru for the period 2005-2016. The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of AKI were described by region and trend effects were estimated by linear regression models. Results: During the period 2005-2016, 26,633 cases of AKI were reported nationwide. The age-standardized incidence rate of AKI per 100,000 people increased by 15.2%, from 10.5 (period 2005-2010) to 12.1 (period 2011-2016). During the period 2005-2016, 6,812 deaths due to AKI were reported, which represented 0.49% of all deaths reported for that period in Peru. The age-standardized mortality rate of AKI per 100,000 people decreased by 11.1%, from 2.7 (period 2005-2010) to 2.4 (period 2011-2016). The greatest incidence and mortality rates were observed in the age group older than 60 years. Conclusions: During the study period, incidence of AKI increased and mortality decreased, with heterogeneous variations among regions.

RESUMO Introdução: A lesão renal aguda (LRA) é um distúrbio comum que causa altos custos para a saúde. Existem estudos epidemiológicos limitados sobre esse distúrbio em países de baixa e média renda. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as tendências nas taxas de incidência e mortalidade padronizadas por idade da LRA no Peru. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo ecológico com base em fontes de dados secundárias da causa básica de morte de registros de saúde e óbito obtidos de estabelecimentos do Ministério da Saúde do Peru no período de 2005 a 2016. A incidência padronizada por idade e as taxas de mortalidade por LRA foram descritas por região, e os efeitos de tendência foram estimados por modelos de regressão linear. Resultados: No período de 2005 a 2016, 26.633 casos de LRA foram relatados em todo o país. A taxa de incidência padronizada de LRA por idade por 100.000 pessoas aumentou 15,2%, de 10,5 (período de 2005 a 2010) para 12,1 (período de 2011 a 2016). Durante o período de 2005 a 2016, foram relatadas 6.812 mortes por LRA, o que representou 0,49% de todas as mortes relatadas para esse período no Peru. A taxa de mortalidade por LRA padronizada por idade por 100.000 pessoas diminuiu 11,1%, de 2,7 (período de 2005 a 2010) para 2,4 (período de 2011 a 2016). As maiores taxas de incidência e mortalidade foram observadas na faixa etária acima de 60 anos. Conclusões: Durante o período do estudo, a incidência de LRA aumentou e a mortalidade diminuiu, com variações heterogêneas na epidemiologia entre as regiões.

[Pulmonary actinomycosis in children: report of two Peruvian cases]. / Actinomicosis pulmonar en niños: reporte de dos casos peruanos.

INTRODUCTION: Actinomycosis is a rare infectious disease caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The most common species is Actinomyces israelii. Among its forms of presentation, the thoracic is the least frequent. CASE PRESENTATION: We report two patients with thoracic actinomycosis, 8 and 13 years old, from different geographical areas of Peru. The first case had empyema necessitans and the second, lung consolidation and recurrent hemoptysis. Both had a certain degree of difficulty in their diagnosis but responded favorably to antibiotics and surgical treatment. The diagnosis was based on the histopathological study. However, we were not able to ascertain the species of actinomyces. CONCLUSION: Thoracic actinomycosis is rare in children and presents as a parenchymal lesion with possible fistulization to the chest wall. This article is one of the few in the Peruvian literature, constituting a contribution to the knowledge of the disease and its management in pediatrics.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La actinomicosis es una enfermedad infecciosa poco frecuente, ocasionada por una bacteria Gram positiva. La especie más común es Actinomyces israelii. Dentro de sus formas de presentación, la torácica es la menos frecuente. PRESENTACIÓN DE CASOS: Reportamos dos pacientes con actinomicosis torácica de 8 y 13 años de diferentes zonas geográficas de Perú. El primer caso tuvo empiema necessitatis y el segundo, consolidación pulmonar y hemoptisis recurrente. Ambos tuvieron cierto grado de dificultad en su diagnóstico, pero con una buena respuesta al tratamiento antibiótico y quirúrgico. El diagnóstico fue mediante estudio histopatológico. Sin embargo, no se pudo identificar la especie de Actinomyces. CONCLUSIÓN: La actinomicosis torácica es poco frecuente en niños y se presenta como una lesión parenquimal con posible fistulización a la pared torácica. Este es uno de los pocos casos reportados en la literatura peruana, constituyendo una contribución al conocimiento de esta enfermedad y su manejo en pediatría.

National trends in age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of acute kidney injury in Peru.

INTRODUCTION: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disorder that causes high healthcare costs. There are limited epidemiological studies of this disorder in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to describe trends in the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of AKI in Peru. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study based on a secondary data sources of the basic cause of death from healthcare and death records obtained from establishments of the Ministry of Health of Peru for the period 2005-2016. The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of AKI were described by region and trend effects were estimated by linear regression models. RESULTS: During the period 2005-2016, 26,633 cases of AKI were reported nationwide. The age-standardized incidence rate of AKI per 100,000 people increased by 15.2%, from 10.5 (period 2005-2010) to 12.1 (period 2011-2016). During the period 2005-2016, 6,812 deaths due to AKI were reported, which represented 0.49% of all deaths reported for that period in Peru. The age-standardized mortality rate of AKI per 100,000 people decreased by 11.1%, from 2.7 (period 2005-2010) to 2.4 (period 2011-2016). The greatest incidence and mortality rates were observed in the age group older than 60 years. CONCLUSIONS: During the study period, incidence of AKI increased and mortality decreased, with heterogeneous variations among regions.

Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in Peru and its relation to social determinants of health.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing public health problem and an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Disparities in CKD may be related to social determinants and health inequalities in low- and middle-income countries. This study determined how social determinants of health influence trends in the prevalence and mortality of CKD in Peru. METHODS: This was an ecological study based on a secondary analysis of health care and death records obtained from the Ministry of Health of Peru for the period 2010-2016. The standardized prevalence and mortality rates of CKD were descriptively reported using geospatial exploratory analysis. We also determined the association with social determinants of health according to the domains suggested by Healthy People 2020. RESULTS: In the studied period, CKD prevalence increased by 300% and was associated with the health insurance coverage rate (ß=5.9 [95% CI 0.82 to 10.92]), proportion of people with a secondary education level (ß=11.4 [95% CI 1.94 to 20.93]), mean age (ß=-10.7 [95% CI -19.33 to -2.12]), monetary poverty rate (ß=-2.2 [95% CI -3.88 to -0.60]) and gross domestic product per capita (ß=-63.2 [95% CI -117.81 to -8.52]). The standardized mortality decreased by 10% and was associated with mean age (ß=-0.6 [95% CI -1.22 to -0.06]) and the proportion of people with a primary education level (ß=-0.5 [95% CI -0.9 to -0.05]). CONCLUSIONS: During the period 2010-2016, the prevalence of CKD increased and the mortality associated with CKD decreased. The observed changes were associated with some social determinants of health, such as increased health coverage and education. The health system of Peru must be prepared to take on the challenge.

Actinomicosis pulmonar en niños: reporte de dos casos peruanos / Pulmonary actinomycosis in children: report of two Peruvian cases

INTRODUCCIÓN: La actinomicosis es una enfermedad infecciosa poco frecuente, ocasionada por una bacteria Gram positiva. La especie más común es Actinomyces israelii. Dentro de sus formas de presentación, la torácica es la menos frecuente. PRESENTACIÓN DE CASOS: Reportamos dos pacientes con actinomicosis torácica de 8 y 13 años de diferentes zonas geográficas de Perú. El primer caso tuvo empiema necessitatis y el segundo, consolidación pulmonar y hemoptisis recurrente. Ambos tuvieron cierto grado de dificultad en su diagnóstico, pero con una buena respuesta al tratamiento antibiótico y quirúrgico. El diagnóstico fue mediante estudio histopatológico. Sin embargo, no se pudo identificar la especie de Actinomyces. CONCLUSIÓN: La actinomicosis torácica es poco frecuente en niños y se presenta como una lesión parenquimal con posible fistulización a la pared torácica. Este es uno de los pocos casos reportados en la literatura peruana, constituyendo una contribución al conocimiento de esta enfermedad y su manejo en pediatría.

INTRODUCTION: Actinomycosis is a rare infectious disease caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The most common species is Actinomyces israelii. Among its forms of presentation, the thoracic is the least frequent. CASE PRESENTATION: We report two patients with thoracic actinomycosis, 8 and 13 years old, from different geographical areas of Peru. The first case had empyema necessitans and the second, lung consolidation and recurrent hemoptysis. Both had a certain degree of difficulty in their diagnosis but responded favorably to antibiotics and surgical treatment. The diagnosis was based on the histopathological study. However, we were not able to ascertain the species of actinomyces. CONCLUSION: Thoracic actinomycosis is rare in children and presents as a parenchymal lesion with possible fistulization to the chest wall. This article is one of the few in the Peruvian literature, constituting a contribution to the knowledge of the disease and its management in pediatrics.

Neumonía y miositis aguda benigna de la infancia por Mycoplasma pneumoniae asociado a encefalitis: reporte de caso / Pneumonia and benign acute myositis of childhood due to Mycoplasma pneu-moniae associated with encephalitis: a case report

Una de las principales causas de neumonía en niños entre 5 y 15 años es el Mycoplasma pneumoniae, una bacteria que causa manifestaciones clínicas atípicas como la miositis y encefalitis. Reportamos un caso de una niña de cinco años que presentó limitación funcional en extremidades inferiores precedida por una infección respiratoria superior. Posteriormente, se complicó con neumonía y encefalitis. Se administraron antibióticos y antivirales debido al deterioro clínico del paciente. La serología de inmunoglobulinas para Mycoplasma pneumoniae fue positiva; mientras que los demás estudios virales fueron negativos. El curso clínico fue favorable con disminución progresiva de la dificultad respiratoria, trastorno del sensorio y mejoría en la limitación funcional en las extremidades inferiores a los 15 días de tratamiento.

One of the leading causes of pneumonia in children between 5 to 15 years is Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a bacterium that causes atypical clinical manifestations such as myositis and encephalitis. We report a 5-year-old girl who presented functional limitations of the lower extremities preceded by an upper respiratory infection. Later on, she developed pneumonia and encephalitis. Antibiotics and antivirals were administered due to the clinical deterioration of the patient. IgM serology for Mycoplasma pneumoniae was positive, while the other viral studies were negative. The clinical course was favorable with a progressive decrease in respiratory distress, sensorial disorder, and improvement in the functional limitations of the lower limbs after 15 days of treatment.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence between 2005 and 2018 in population under 30 using data from the Ministry of Health of Peru. / Prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en población menor de 30 años para el período de 2005 a 2018 con datos del Ministerio de Salud de Perú.

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a health problem in low and middle-income countries like Peru. There are few published reports on trends and surveillance of this disease in the young Peruvian population. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the population under 30 registered between 2005 and 2018 by the Ministry of Health of Peru. METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted from a secondary analysis of the national registries of type 2 diabetes (ICD 10: E11) in the population under 30 treated in the health facilities of the Ministry of Health of Peru between 2015 and 2018. Described by department and geographic region, the prevalence of diabetes was adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: In the period between 2005 and 2018, the national prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus increased from 2.1 to 22.1 cases/100 000 population. Women had a higher prevalence. Geographic regions with the highest prevalence increase were the Coast from 3.8 to 35.3/100 000 population and the Rainforest from 1.1 to 22.1/100 000 population. In the same period, the departments with the highest prevalence increase were Cajamarca (1733.3%) and Puno (1704.2%). Furthermore, Tumbes, Ica, Lambayeque, Callao, Lima, Loreto, and Madre de Dios reported prevalence rates over the national average. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the population under 30 and covered by the Peruvian Ministry of Health has increased more than ten times in the period between 2005 and 2018. The Coast and the cities with the highest population density had the highest prevalence. A greater focus to improve the strategies of risk factor control in the population under 30 is needed, including preventive actions on obesity and inadequate lifestyles, as well as a screening at a younger age for diabetes in the population at risk.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es un problema de salud en países de bajo y medianos ingresos como Perú. Existen escasos reportes publicados sobre el comportamiento de esta enfermedad en población peruana joven. OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en la población menor de 30 años registrado en el Ministerio de Salud de Perú en el periodo 2005 a 2018. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo. Se analizaron los registros nacionales de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (código CIE 10: E11) en la población menor de 30 años, atendidos en establecimientos de salud del Ministerio de Salud de Perú entre los años 2005 y 2018. La prevalencia se reportó ajustada por edad y sexo, describiéndose por departamento y región geográfica. RESULTADOS: En el periodo 2005 a 2018, la prevalencia nacional de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 se incrementó de 2,1 a 22,1 casos por cada 100 000 habitantes; siendo el sexo femenino el de mayor prevalencia. Las regiones geográficas con mayor aumento de prevalencia fueron Costa de 3,8 a 35,3 por cada100 000 habitantes y Selva de 1,1 a 22,1 por cada 100 000 habitantes. Los departamentos con mayor incremento en la prevalencia fueron Cajamarca (1733,3%) y Puno (1704,2%); observándose departamentos como Tumbes, Ica, Lambayeque, Callao, Lima, Loreto y Madre de Dios con prevalencias mayores al promedio nacional. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia por diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en población menor de 30 años atendida en el Ministerio de Salud de Perú se ha incrementado en más de 10 veces durante el periodo 2005 a 2018. La región Costa y las ciudades con mayor densidad poblacional tuvieron mayor prevalencia. Se necesita enfocar y mejorar las estrategias de control de los factores de riesgo en la población juvenil como la obesidad e inadecuados estilos de vida y un tamizaje a menor edad en la población de riesgo.